Interesting article. The senate is rigged by design to prevent the tyranny of the majority as you state. The original idea was for the upper house to be insulated from erratic swings of public opinion by indirect election by state houses — the 17th amendment changed that, forcing senators to be much more beholden to politics in their state (see Tester MT senator).

The house of representatives was intended to be the much more dynamic body, responding rapidly to public sentiment and held accountable by short terms. Gerrymandering creates seats that are too safe and deprives many, mainly Democratic voters of their rightful voice.

The first overarching problem, IMO, is unbridled political money that puts politicians in constant campaign mode and makes them beholden to interests apart from and sometimes in conflict with their constituents. Public financing of elections and spending limits must be imposed.

The second overarching problem is the country’s continual departure from federalism. Within the constraints of the constitution, let Wyoming do what Wyoming wants and California likewise. Blue states can have universal healthcare and green new deal and severe gun control. Red states can keep private healthcare, burn fossils and exercise minimal gun control. People will vote with their feet. The Federal Government will need to stop states from going beyond the “guardrails” of constitution.

The courts should not be political. As Ben Sasse points out, the legislative branch is supreme and must not delegate political decisions to the courts. Perhaps requiring a supermajority in the Senate would help keep the courts apolitical. Further, Justices should be limited to 12 years, but could be re-appointed and reconfirmed to a second 12 year term at the current President’s discretion.

Lastly, the President should be elected by national popular vote for six years, but be subject to recall if support falls below 45% in her fourth year.